![]() Further studies are required to examine the effects of age and output-modality on these tasks. Discussion & Conclusions: The current results were consistent with those from Waters and Caplan (2003), reporting composite measure increased stabilities and reliabilities for the working memory measures and all of the working memory tasks loaded onto a single factor. An examiner may use the Digit Span subtest to suggest a possible ADD/ADHD diagnosis, particularly if it correlates with the other Freedom from Distractibility subtestsArithmetic and Coding. A principal component analysis revealed that the one-factor solution accounted for 66% of the total variance for four different working memory pointing tasks. It is included in an assessment of the factor known as Freedom from Distractibility. As short-term memory measures, digit and word forward pointing span measures were highly correlated (r=0.79). Concurrent validity results suggested that the pointing version of the digit span measures shared only 25~40% of the total variance with the standardized measure of the digit span-recall. Instructions for each test are explained below. However, test-retest reliabilities increased up to 0.86 when a composite measure was used with a combination of at least two different tasks. Performing the Digit Span Test and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire will provide information that can be used in the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Results The test-retest reliability results revealed that the range of Pearson’s correlation coefficients was 0.43~0.77. Fifty-five normal individuals participated in the study and performed all of the tasks. An alphabet pointing span task and a subtract-2 pointing span measure were developed as working memory tasks. Methods Digit forward and backward pointing span measures were developed by adapting the most commonly used digit forward/backward recall tasks to pointing measures. The specific aim of the study was to examine psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability, concurrent and construct validity, and internal item consistency in newly developed pointing span measures. The current study developed pointing span measures that do not require verbal output and thus can be used to assess short-term and working memory capacities in special populations with verbal-output deficits. However, there are limitations to the employment of short-term and working memory tasks developed for assessing normal cognitive processing for the evaluation of speech and/or language-impaired clinical populations. As physical exercise tests, the Timed Up and Go and Six Meter Walk for mobility, the Six Minute Walk Distance for endurance capacity, and the Tinetti Balance Scale were recommended.ĭementia Exercise tests Neuropsychological tests Outcome measures Systematic review Tool use.The Reliability and Validity of Short-term and Working Memory Pointing Tasks Developed for Clinical Populations with Speech and Language DisordersĬopyright ©2011 The Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiologyīackground & Objectives Short-term and working memory capacity theories have gained considerable attention as underlying cognitive mechanisms, deficiencies in which may account for language processing difficulties in individuals with speech and language disorders. The Digit Span Forward, Digit Span Backward, and Trail Making Test-A were recommended to measure attention. No specific memory test could be recommended. The Verbal Fluency Test Category/Letters, Clock Drawing Test, and Trail Making Test-B were recommended to measure executive functioning. The Severe Impairment Battery, Mini Mental State Examination, and Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale - cognitive subscale were recommended to measure global cognition. To provide information on test recommendations the frequency of test use, effect size of the test outcome, study quality, and psychometric properties of tests were analyzed.įifty-nine neuropsychological tests (cognitive domains: global cognition, executive functioning, memory, and attention) and 10 exercise tests (physical domains: endurance capacity, muscle strength, balance, and mobility) were found. AIM/GOAL: To recommend a set of neuropsychological and physical exercise tests for researchers to assess cognition and physical fitness in clinical trials with older patients with dementia to create consensus, decrease heterogeneity, and improve research quality.Ī literature search (2005-2011) yielded 89 randomized controlled trials.
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